Async Generators & Iterators

Q: What is the difference between a regular async function and an async generator?

A regular async function returns a single Promise that resolves to one value An async generator uses async function* and yield to produce multiple values over time Generators are lazy -- they only execute code when the consumer requests the next value

Q: What is the difference between yield and yield*?

yield value pauses the generator and produces a single value yield otherGenerator() delegates to another generator, yielding all of its values yield is useful for composing generators

Q: How do you prevent memory leaks with infinite generators?

Use break in the consumer loop or call .return() on the generator for await...of automatically calls .return() when you break Without cleanup, an infinite generator keeps its closure alive indefinitely

Q: What does AsyncIterable vs AsyncGenerator mean in TypeScript?

AsyncIterable is the consumer-side type -- anything you can use with for await...of AsyncGenerator is the producer-side type returned by async function* Accept AsyncIterable in function parameters for flexibility

Process large datasets, paginated APIs, and streaming data with async generators in Server Components and Route Handlers.

Recipe

Quick-reference for async generator patterns.

// Basic async generator
async function* fetchAllPages(baseUrl: string) {
  let page = 1;
  let hasMore = true;
 
  while (hasMore) {
    const res = await fetch(`${baseUrl}?page=${page}`);
    const data = await res.json();
    yield data.items;
    hasMore = data.hasNextPage;
    page++;
  }
}
 
// Consuming with for-await-of
for await (const batch of fetchAllPages("/api/products")) {
  processBatch(batch);
}

When to reach for this: You need to process paginated API responses, stream large datasets without loading everything into memory, or produce data incrementally in a Route Handler.

Working Example

// lib/paginated-fetch.ts
interface PaginatedResponse<T> {
  items: T[];
  nextCursor: string | null;
}
 
async function* fetchAllItems<T>(
  url: string,
  options?: RequestInit
): AsyncGenerator<T[], void, unknown> {
  let cursor: string | null = null;
 
  do {
    const fetchUrl = cursor ? `${url}?cursor=${cursor}` : url;
    const res = await fetch(fetchUrl, options);
    const data: PaginatedResponse<T> = await res.json();
    yield data.items;
    cursor = data.nextCursor;
  } while (cursor !== null);
}
 
// app/admin/export/route.ts - Stream CSV export
import { NextResponse } from "next/server";
 
interface Order {
  id: string;
  customer: string;
  total: number;
  date: string;
}
 
export async function GET() {
  const encoder = new TextEncoder();
 
  const stream = new ReadableStream({
    async start(controller) {
      // CSV header
      controller.enqueue(encoder.encode("id,customer,total,date\n"));
 
      // Stream rows from paginated API
      for await (const batch of fetchAllItems<Order>(
        "https://api.example.com/orders"
      )) {
        for (const order of batch) {
          const row = `${order.id},${order.customer},${order.total},${order.date}\n`;
          controller.enqueue(encoder.encode(row));
        }
      }
 
      controller.close();
    },
  });
 
  return new NextResponse(stream, {
    headers: {
      "Content-Type": "text/csv",
      "Content-Disposition": 'attachment; filename="orders.csv"',
    },
  });
}

What this demonstrates:

Generic async generator for cursor-based pagination
Streaming CSV export via Route Handler
Processing data in batches without loading all into memory
Typed generator with TypeScript generics

Deep Dive

How It Works

An async generator function uses async function* syntax and yield to produce values
yield pauses the generator and returns a value to the consumer
The consumer uses for await...of to iterate over yielded values
Each iteration resumes the generator until the next yield or return
Memory efficient: only one batch is in memory at a time
The generator function body runs lazily (only when values are requested)

Parameters & Return Values

Concept	Syntax	Description
Async generator function	`async function* name()`	Defines a generator that yields promises
`yield`	`yield value`	Pauses and produces a value
`yield*`	`yield* otherGenerator()`	Delegates to another generator
`for await...of`	`for await (const x of gen())`	Consumes an async iterable
`return`	`return value`	Ends the generator
`.next()`	`gen.next()`	Manually advances the generator
`.return()`	`gen.return()`	Terminates the generator early

Variations

Paginated API with offset:

async function* paginateWithOffset<T>(
  fetcher: (offset: number, limit: number) => Promise<T[]>,
  limit = 100
): AsyncGenerator<T[]> {
  let offset = 0;
 
  while (true) {
    const batch = await fetcher(offset, limit);
    if (batch.length === 0) break;
    yield batch;
    if (batch.length < limit) break; // Last page
    offset += limit;
  }
}
 
// Usage in a Server Component
export default async function AllProductsPage() {
  const allProducts: Product[] = [];
 
  for await (const batch of paginateWithOffset(
    (offset, limit) =>
      db.product.findMany({ skip: offset, take: limit }),
    50
  )) {
    allProducts.push(...batch);
  }
 
  return <ProductGrid products={allProducts} />;
}

Streaming Server-Sent Events (SSE):

// app/api/events/route.ts
export async function GET() {
  const encoder = new TextEncoder();
 
  async function* eventStream() {
    let id = 0;
    while (true) {
      const data = await getLatestUpdate();
      yield `id: ${id++}\ndata: ${JSON.stringify(data)}\n\n`;
      await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 1000));
    }
  }
 
  const stream = new ReadableStream({
    async start(controller) {
      for await (const event of eventStream()) {
        controller.enqueue(encoder.encode(event));
      }
    },
  });
 
  return new NextResponse(stream, {
    headers: {
      "Content-Type": "text/event-stream",
      "Cache-Control": "no-cache",
      Connection: "keep-alive",
    },
  });
}

Transform generator (pipeline pattern):

// Chain generators for data transformation pipelines
async function* map<T, U>(
  source: AsyncIterable<T>,
  transform: (item: T) => U | Promise<U>
): AsyncGenerator<U> {
  for await (const item of source) {
    yield await transform(item);
  }
}
 
async function* filter<T>(
  source: AsyncIterable<T>,
  predicate: (item: T) => boolean | Promise<boolean>
): AsyncGenerator<T> {
  for await (const item of source) {
    if (await predicate(item)) yield item;
  }
}
 
async function* take<T>(
  source: AsyncIterable<T>,
  count: number
): AsyncGenerator<T> {
  let taken = 0;
  for await (const item of source) {
    yield item;
    if (++taken >= count) break;
  }
}
 
// Pipeline: fetch all users -> filter active -> take first 10 -> transform
const pipeline = take(
  map(
    filter(
      fetchAllItems<User>("https://api.example.com/users"),
      (users) => users.filter((u) => u.active).length > 0
    ),
    (users) => users.filter((u) => u.active)
  ),
  10
);

Collecting all results:

// Helper to collect an async iterable into an array
async function collect<T>(iterable: AsyncIterable<T[]>): Promise<T[]> {
  const results: T[] = [];
  for await (const batch of iterable) {
    results.push(...batch);
  }
  return results;
}
 
// Usage
const allOrders = await collect(
  fetchAllItems<Order>("https://api.example.com/orders")
);

Rate-limited generator:

async function* rateLimited<T>(
  source: AsyncIterable<T>,
  delayMs: number
): AsyncGenerator<T> {
  for await (const item of source) {
    yield item;
    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, delayMs));
  }
}
 
// Fetch pages with 200ms delay between requests
for await (const batch of rateLimited(fetchAllPages(url), 200)) {
  processBatch(batch);
}

TypeScript Notes

// Typing async generators
async function* counter(): AsyncGenerator<number, void, unknown> {
  // AsyncGenerator<Yield, Return, Next>
  // Yield  = type of values produced by yield
  // Return = type of the return value
  // Next   = type of values passed to .next()
  let i = 0;
  while (true) {
    yield i++;
  }
}
 
// AsyncIterable is the consumer-side type
async function processItems(source: AsyncIterable<string[]>) {
  for await (const batch of source) {
    console.log(batch.length);
  }
}
 
// Generic paginated fetcher type
type PaginatedFetcher<T> = (
  cursor: string | null
) => Promise<{ items: T[]; nextCursor: string | null }>;

Gotchas

Generators are lazy. Nothing runs until you consume the generator with for await...of or .next(). If you create a generator but never iterate it, the function body never executes. Fix: This is a feature, not a bug. Just remember to consume it.
Error handling in for-await-of. If a yield throws, the loop terminates and the error propagates. Unconsumed items are lost. Fix: Wrap the loop in try/catch, or handle errors inside the generator with try/catch around yield.
Memory leaks with infinite generators. A generator that never returns keeps its closure alive. Fix: Use break in the consumer or .return() on the generator to allow cleanup. for await...of calls .return() automatically on break.
Cannot use generators in Client Components. Generators run on the server. Client Components need the final data or a streaming pattern (SSE, WebSocket). Fix: Use generators in Server Components, Route Handlers, or Server Actions only.
No backpressure by default. The generator produces as fast as the consumer requests, but if you yield into a stream, the stream might buffer. Fix: Add delays with rateLimited or use ReadableStream with pull-based backpressure.
Generators are single-use. Once consumed, you cannot iterate a generator again. Calling the generator function creates a new iterator. Fix: Call the generator function again for a fresh iterator.

Alternatives

Alternative	Use When	Don't Use When
`Promise.all`	Fixed number of parallel fetches	Unknown number of pages
Array + loop	Simple sequential fetches with known count	Large or unbounded datasets
`ReadableStream`	Streaming HTTP responses (SSE, file downloads)	Simple data aggregation
Database cursors	Direct database pagination (Prisma, SQL)	External API pagination
Web Streams API	Browser-compatible streaming	Server-only processing

FAQs

What is the difference between a regular async function and an async generator?

A regular async function returns a single Promise that resolves to one value
An async generator uses async function* and yield to produce multiple values over time
Generators are lazy -- they only execute code when the consumer requests the next value

Why are generators useful for paginated API responses?

Only one page of data is in memory at a time
The generator pauses between pages, keeping memory usage constant
The consumer controls when to fetch the next page via for await...of

Can you use async generators in Client Components?

No. Generators run on the server only
Client Components need the final data or a streaming pattern like SSE or WebSocket
Use generators in Server Components, Route Handlers, or Server Actions

What happens if you create a generator but never iterate it?

Nothing runs. Generators are lazy -- the function body never executes until consumed
You must use for await...of or manually call .next() to start execution
This is a feature, not a bug

How do you type an async generator function in TypeScript?

async function* counter(): AsyncGenerator<number, void, unknown> {
  // AsyncGenerator<Yield, Return, Next>
  // Yield  = type of values produced
  // Return = type of the final return value
  // Next   = type of values passed to .next()
  let i = 0;
  while (true) yield i++;
}

How do you handle errors inside a `for await...of` loop?

If a yield throws, the loop terminates and the error propagates
Unconsumed items are lost
Wrap the loop in try/catch, or handle errors inside the generator around each yield

What is the difference between `yield` and `yield*`?

yield value pauses the generator and produces a single value
yield* otherGenerator() delegates to another generator, yielding all of its values
yield* is useful for composing generators

How do you prevent memory leaks with infinite generators?

Use break in the consumer loop or call .return() on the generator
for await...of automatically calls .return() when you break
Without cleanup, an infinite generator keeps its closure alive indefinitely

How do you stream a CSV export using an async generator in a Route Handler?

export async function GET() {
  const encoder = new TextEncoder();
  const stream = new ReadableStream({
    async start(controller) {
      controller.enqueue(encoder.encode("id,name\n"));
      for await (const batch of fetchAllItems<Item>(url)) {
        for (const item of batch) {
          controller.enqueue(encoder.encode(`${item.id},${item.name}\n`));
        }
      }
      controller.close();
    },
  });
  return new NextResponse(stream, {
    headers: { "Content-Type": "text/csv" },
  });
}

What does `AsyncIterable` vs `AsyncGenerator` mean in TypeScript?

AsyncIterable<T> is the consumer-side type -- anything you can use with for await...of
AsyncGenerator<T> is the producer-side type returned by async function*
Accept AsyncIterable in function parameters for flexibility

How do you add rate limiting between generator iterations?

async function* rateLimited<T>(
  source: AsyncIterable<T>,
  delayMs: number
): AsyncGenerator<T> {
  for await (const item of source) {
    yield item;
    await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, delayMs));
  }
}

Are generators single-use or reusable?

Generators are single-use. Once consumed, you cannot iterate them again
Calling the generator function again creates a fresh iterator
If you need to iterate the same data twice, call the generator function twice

Parallel Promises - Promise.all for fixed parallel fetches
Streaming - Suspense-based streaming SSR
Server Actions - mutations and form handling
SWR Pagination - client-side infinite scrolling

Recipe

Quick-reference for async generator patterns.

// Basic async generator
async function* fetchAllPages(baseUrl: string) {
  let page = 1;
  let hasMore = true;
 
  while (hasMore) {
    const res = await fetch(`${baseUrl}?page=${page}`);
    const data = await res.json();
    yield data.items;
    hasMore = data.hasNextPage;
    page++;
  }
}
 
// Consuming with for-await-of
for await (const batch of fetchAllPages("/api/products")) {
  processBatch(batch);
}

When to reach for this: You need to process paginated API responses, stream large datasets without loading everything into memory, or produce data incrementally in a Route Handler.

Working Example

// lib/paginated-fetch.ts
interface PaginatedResponse<T> {
  items: T[];
  nextCursor: string | null;
}
 
async function* fetchAllItems<T>(
  url: string,
  options?: RequestInit
): AsyncGenerator<T[], void, unknown> {
  let cursor: string | null = null;
 
  do {
    const fetchUrl = cursor ? `${url}?cursor=${cursor}` : url;
    const res = await fetch(fetchUrl, options);
    const data: PaginatedResponse<T> = await res.json();
    yield data.items;
    cursor = data.nextCursor;
  } while (cursor !== null);
}
 
// app/admin/export/route.ts - Stream CSV export
import { NextResponse } from "next/server";
 
interface Order {
  id: string;
  customer: string;
  total: number;
  date: string;
}
 
export async function GET() {
  const encoder = new TextEncoder();
 
  const stream = new ReadableStream({
    async start(controller) {
      // CSV header
      controller.enqueue(encoder.encode("id,customer,total,date\n"));
 
      // Stream rows from paginated API
      for await (const batch of fetchAllItems<Order>(
        "https://api.example.com/orders"
      )) {
        for (const order of batch) {
          const row = `${order.id},${order.customer},${order.total},${order.date}\n`;
          controller.enqueue(encoder.encode(row));
        }
      }
 
      controller.close();
    },
  });
 
  return new NextResponse(stream, {
    headers: {
      "Content-Type": "text/csv",
      "Content-Disposition": 'attachment; filename="orders.csv"',
    },
  });
}

What this demonstrates:

Generic async generator for cursor-based pagination
Streaming CSV export via Route Handler
Processing data in batches without loading all into memory
Typed generator with TypeScript generics

Deep Dive

How It Works

An async generator function uses async function* syntax and yield to produce values
yield pauses the generator and returns a value to the consumer
The consumer uses for await...of to iterate over yielded values
Each iteration resumes the generator until the next yield or return
Memory efficient: only one batch is in memory at a time
The generator function body runs lazily (only when values are requested)

Parameters & Return Values

Concept	Syntax	Description
Async generator function	`async function* name()`	Defines a generator that yields promises
`yield`	`yield value`	Pauses and produces a value
`yield*`	`yield* otherGenerator()`	Delegates to another generator
`for await...of`	`for await (const x of gen())`	Consumes an async iterable
`return`	`return value`	Ends the generator
`.next()`	`gen.next()`	Manually advances the generator
`.return()`	`gen.return()`	Terminates the generator early

Variations

Paginated API with offset:

async function* paginateWithOffset<T>(
  fetcher: (offset: number, limit: number) => Promise<T[]>,
  limit = 100
): AsyncGenerator<T[]> {
  let offset = 0;
 
  while (true) {
    const batch = await fetcher(offset, limit);
    if (batch.length === 0) break;
    yield batch;
    if (batch.length < limit) break; // Last page
    offset += limit;
  }
}
 
// Usage in a Server Component
export default async function AllProductsPage() {
  const allProducts: Product[] = [];
 
  for await (const batch of paginateWithOffset(
    (offset, limit) =>
      db.product.findMany({ skip: offset, take: limit }),
    50
  )) {
    allProducts.push(...batch);
  }
 
  return <ProductGrid products={allProducts} />;
}

Streaming Server-Sent Events (SSE):

// app/api/events/route.ts
export async function GET() {
  const encoder = new TextEncoder();
 
  async function* eventStream() {
    let id = 0;
    while (true) {
      const data = await getLatestUpdate();
      yield `id: ${id++}\ndata: ${JSON.stringify(data)}\n\n`;
      await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 1000));
    }
  }
 
  const stream = new ReadableStream({
    async start(controller) {
      for await (const event of eventStream()) {
        controller.enqueue(encoder.encode(event));
      }
    },
  });
 
  return new NextResponse(stream, {
    headers: {
      "Content-Type": "text/event-stream",
      "Cache-Control": "no-cache",
      Connection: "keep-alive",
    },
  });
}

Transform generator (pipeline pattern):

// Chain generators for data transformation pipelines
async function* map<T, U>(
  source: AsyncIterable<T>,
  transform: (item: T) => U | Promise<U>
): AsyncGenerator<U> {
  for await (const item of source) {
    yield await transform(item);
  }
}
 
async function* filter<T>(
  source: AsyncIterable<T>,
  predicate: (item: T) => boolean | Promise<boolean>
): AsyncGenerator<T> {
  for await (const item of source) {
    if (await predicate(item)) yield item;
  }
}
 
async function* take<T>(
  source: AsyncIterable<T>,
  count: number
): AsyncGenerator<T> {
  let taken = 0;
  for await (const item of source) {
    yield item;
    if (++taken >= count) break;
  }
}
 
// Pipeline: fetch all users -> filter active -> take first 10 -> transform
const pipeline = take(
  map(
    filter(
      fetchAllItems<User>("https://api.example.com/users"),
      (users) => users.filter((u) => u.active).length > 0
    ),
    (users) => users.filter((u) => u.active)
  ),
  10
);

Collecting all results:

// Helper to collect an async iterable into an array
async function collect<T>(iterable: AsyncIterable<T[]>): Promise<T[]> {
  const results: T[] = [];
  for await (const batch of iterable) {
    results.push(...batch);
  }
  return results;
}
 
// Usage
const allOrders = await collect(
  fetchAllItems<Order>("https://api.example.com/orders")
);

Rate-limited generator:

async function* rateLimited<T>(
  source: AsyncIterable<T>,
  delayMs: number
): AsyncGenerator<T> {
  for await (const item of source) {
    yield item;
    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, delayMs));
  }
}
 
// Fetch pages with 200ms delay between requests
for await (const batch of rateLimited(fetchAllPages(url), 200)) {
  processBatch(batch);
}

TypeScript Notes

// Typing async generators
async function* counter(): AsyncGenerator<number, void, unknown> {
  // AsyncGenerator<Yield, Return, Next>
  // Yield  = type of values produced by yield
  // Return = type of the return value
  // Next   = type of values passed to .next()
  let i = 0;
  while (true) {
    yield i++;
  }
}
 
// AsyncIterable is the consumer-side type
async function processItems(source: AsyncIterable<string[]>) {
  for await (const batch of source) {
    console.log(batch.length);
  }
}
 
// Generic paginated fetcher type
type PaginatedFetcher<T> = (
  cursor: string | null
) => Promise<{ items: T[]; nextCursor: string | null }>;

Gotchas

Generators are lazy. Nothing runs until you consume the generator with for await...of or .next(). If you create a generator but never iterate it, the function body never executes. Fix: This is a feature, not a bug. Just remember to consume it.
Error handling in for-await-of. If a yield throws, the loop terminates and the error propagates. Unconsumed items are lost. Fix: Wrap the loop in try/catch, or handle errors inside the generator with try/catch around yield.
Memory leaks with infinite generators. A generator that never returns keeps its closure alive. Fix: Use break in the consumer or .return() on the generator to allow cleanup. for await...of calls .return() automatically on break.
Cannot use generators in Client Components. Generators run on the server. Client Components need the final data or a streaming pattern (SSE, WebSocket). Fix: Use generators in Server Components, Route Handlers, or Server Actions only.
No backpressure by default. The generator produces as fast as the consumer requests, but if you yield into a stream, the stream might buffer. Fix: Add delays with rateLimited or use ReadableStream with pull-based backpressure.
Generators are single-use. Once consumed, you cannot iterate a generator again. Calling the generator function creates a new iterator. Fix: Call the generator function again for a fresh iterator.

Alternatives

Alternative	Use When	Don't Use When
`Promise.all`	Fixed number of parallel fetches	Unknown number of pages
Array + loop	Simple sequential fetches with known count	Large or unbounded datasets
`ReadableStream`	Streaming HTTP responses (SSE, file downloads)	Simple data aggregation
Database cursors	Direct database pagination (Prisma, SQL)	External API pagination
Web Streams API	Browser-compatible streaming	Server-only processing

FAQs

What is the difference between a regular async function and an async generator?

A regular async function returns a single Promise that resolves to one value
An async generator uses async function* and yield to produce multiple values over time
Generators are lazy -- they only execute code when the consumer requests the next value

Why are generators useful for paginated API responses?

Only one page of data is in memory at a time
The generator pauses between pages, keeping memory usage constant
The consumer controls when to fetch the next page via for await...of

Can you use async generators in Client Components?

No. Generators run on the server only
Client Components need the final data or a streaming pattern like SSE or WebSocket
Use generators in Server Components, Route Handlers, or Server Actions

What happens if you create a generator but never iterate it?

Nothing runs. Generators are lazy -- the function body never executes until consumed
You must use for await...of or manually call .next() to start execution
This is a feature, not a bug

How do you type an async generator function in TypeScript?

async function* counter(): AsyncGenerator<number, void, unknown> {
  // AsyncGenerator<Yield, Return, Next>
  // Yield  = type of values produced
  // Return = type of the final return value
  // Next   = type of values passed to .next()
  let i = 0;
  while (true) yield i++;
}

How do you handle errors inside a `for await...of` loop?

If a yield throws, the loop terminates and the error propagates
Unconsumed items are lost
Wrap the loop in try/catch, or handle errors inside the generator around each yield

What is the difference between `yield` and `yield*`?

yield value pauses the generator and produces a single value
yield* otherGenerator() delegates to another generator, yielding all of its values
yield* is useful for composing generators

How do you prevent memory leaks with infinite generators?

Use break in the consumer loop or call .return() on the generator
for await...of automatically calls .return() when you break
Without cleanup, an infinite generator keeps its closure alive indefinitely

How do you stream a CSV export using an async generator in a Route Handler?

export async function GET() {
  const encoder = new TextEncoder();
  const stream = new ReadableStream({
    async start(controller) {
      controller.enqueue(encoder.encode("id,name\n"));
      for await (const batch of fetchAllItems<Item>(url)) {
        for (const item of batch) {
          controller.enqueue(encoder.encode(`${item.id},${item.name}\n`));
        }
      }
      controller.close();
    },
  });
  return new NextResponse(stream, {
    headers: { "Content-Type": "text/csv" },
  });
}

What does `AsyncIterable` vs `AsyncGenerator` mean in TypeScript?

AsyncIterable<T> is the consumer-side type -- anything you can use with for await...of
AsyncGenerator<T> is the producer-side type returned by async function*
Accept AsyncIterable in function parameters for flexibility

How do you add rate limiting between generator iterations?

async function* rateLimited<T>(
  source: AsyncIterable<T>,
  delayMs: number
): AsyncGenerator<T> {
  for await (const item of source) {
    yield item;
    await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, delayMs));
  }
}

Are generators single-use or reusable?

Generators are single-use. Once consumed, you cannot iterate them again
Calling the generator function again creates a fresh iterator
If you need to iterate the same data twice, call the generator function twice

Parallel Promises - Promise.all for fixed parallel fetches
Streaming - Suspense-based streaming SSR
Server Actions - mutations and form handling
SWR Pagination - client-side infinite scrolling

Async Generators & Iterators

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Async Generators & Iterators